Level- Data

Vaccine Development

Last updated: 2022 Apr 29

Total hit(s): 18

Select item(s)	Key Findings	Comments (You can add your comments too!)	Original Article (hover to see details)

A greater vaccine dose may be necessary for upper respiratory tract protection than for lower respiratory tract protection. Suboptimal vaccine dose levels resulted in NSs losing protection but not enhanced viral replication as compared to the sham controls.

Although additional mechanisms may possibly lead to worsened disease, suboptimal vaccination dose levels resulted in viral breakthroughs but did not result in increased viral replication or pathology in the lungs of vaccinated animals as compared to sham controls. ✍

34133941
(Cell)

PMID	34133941 Date of Publishing: 2021 Jun 24
Title	Low-dose Ad26.COV2.S protection against SARS-CoV-2 challenge in rhesus macaques
Author(s) name	He X, Chandrashekar A et al.
Journal	Cell
Impact factor	27.35 Citation count: 20
Date of Entry	2022 Apr 29

NLM format

He X, Chandrashekar A, Zahn R, Wegmann F, Yu J, Mercado NB, McMahan K, Martinot AJ, Piedra-Mora C, Beecy S, Ducat S, Chamanza R, Huber SR, van Heerden M, van der Fits L, Borducchi EN, Lifton M, Liu J, Nampanya F, Patel S, Peter L, Tostanoski LH, Pessaint L, Van Ry A, Finneyfrock B, Velasco J, Teow E, Brown R, Cook A, Andersen H, Lewis MG, Schuitemaker H, Barouch DH. Low-dose Ad26.COV2.S protection against SARS-CoV-2 challenge in rhesus macaques. Cell. 2021 Jun 24;184(13):3467-3473.e11. PMID:34133941

Protective effectiveness was linked to both RBD-specific activated memory B cells and binding or neutralising antibody responses. Furthermore, lesser vaccine doses resulted in lowered antibody responses and protective effectiveness.

Although additional mechanisms may possibly lead to worsened illness, suboptimal vaccination dose levels resulted in viral breakthroughs but did not result in higher viral replication or pathology in the lungs of vaccinated animals compared to sham controls. ✍

34133941
(Cell)

PMID	34133941 Date of Publishing: 2021 Jun 24
Title	Low-dose Ad26.COV2.S protection against SARS-CoV-2 challenge in rhesus macaques
Author(s) name	He X, Chandrashekar A et al.
Journal	Cell
Impact factor	27.35 Citation count: 20
Date of Entry	2022 Apr 29

NLM format

Intranasal challenge with SARS-CoV-2 virus protected the immunised hamsters (either a single-dose or a prime/boost vaccination regimen). Two doses of vaccine elicited more potent neutralising antibody response and reduced peak and total virus shedding by a greater level. Low levels of detectable virus was observed in the nasal turbinate tissue while lungs were completely clear from virus.

After two doses, MF59-vaccinated hamsters showed an apparent reduction in viral load in the lungs and nasal turbinate tissues. In an animal model, neutralised antibody level is correlated with reduced virus shedding. ✍

33841880
(Clin Transl Immunology)

PMID	33841880 Date of Publishing: 2021
Title	Preclinical development of a molecular clampstabilised subunit vaccine for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
Author(s) name	Watterson D, Wijesundara DK et al.
Journal	Clin Transl Immunology
Impact factor	8.18 Citation count: 16
Date of Entry	2022 Apr 29

NLM format

Watterson D, Wijesundara DK, Modhiran N, Mordant FL, Li Z, Avumegah MS, McMillan CL, Lackenby J, Guilfoyle K, van Amerongen G, Stittelaar K, Cheung ST, Bibby S, Daleris M, Hoger K, Gillard M, Radunz E, Jones ML, Hughes K, Hughes B, Goh J, Edwards D, Scoble J, Pearce L, Kowalczyk L, Phan T, La M, Lu L, Pham T, Zhou Q, Brockman DA, Morgan SJ, Lau C, Tran MH, Tapley P, Villalón-Letelier F, Barnes J, Young A, Jaberolansar N, Scott CA, Isaacs A, Amarilla AA, Khromykh AA, van den Brand JM, Reading PC, Ranasinghe C, Subbarao K, Munro TP, Young PR, Chappell KJ. Preclinical development of a molecular clampstabilised subunit vaccine for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Clin Transl Immunology. 2021 Apr 5;10(4):e1269. PMID:33841880

Two doses of MF59-adjuvanted S-clamp regimen showed better immunogenicity and neutralised SARS-CoV-2 at ~2 fold higher than the reference serum. It effectively elicited highest magnitude and broadest S-specific Th cell and CTL responses compared to antigen only and placebo control groups.

Due to the exclusion of the immunodominant region (aa577-aa618), the cross reactivity of clamp response to HIV-1 GP41 present in some diagnostic reagents was considered to have minimum impact ✍

33841880
(Clin Transl Immunology)

PMID	33841880 Date of Publishing: 2021
Title	Preclinical development of a molecular clampstabilised subunit vaccine for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
Author(s) name	Watterson D, Wijesundara DK et al.
Journal	Clin Transl Immunology
Impact factor	8.18 Citation count: 16
Date of Entry	2022 Apr 29

NLM format

In mice and nonhuman primates, intramuscular vaccination with ARCoV mRNA-LNP generated significant neutralising antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 as well as a Th1-biased cellular response. In mice, two doses of ARCoV immunisation provided full protection against a SARS-CoV-2 mouse-adapted strain.

Immunized mice were fully protected against SARS-CoV-2 infection with no detectable viral RNA in the lungs or trachea, whereas high levels of viral RNA was observed in the lungs and trachea of placebo-treated mice. A single dosage of ARCoV immunisation resulted in an anamnestic antibody response, however two doses of ARCoV immunisation did not result in an increase in neutralising antibody titers upon challenge, suggesting that sterilising immunity was produced in mice. ✍

32795413
(Cell)

PMID	32795413 Date of Publishing: 2020 Sep 3
Title	A Thermostable mRNA Vaccine against COVID-19
Author(s) name	Zhang NN, Li XF et al.
Journal	Cell
Impact factor	27.35 Citation count: 191
Date of Entry	2022 Apr 29

NLM format
Zhang NN, Li XF, Deng YQ, Zhao H, Huang YJ, Yang G, Huang WJ, Gao P, Zhou C, Zhang RR, Guo Y, Sun SH, Fan H, Zu SL, Chen Q, He Q, Cao TS, Huang XY, Qiu HY, Nie JH, Jiang Y, Yan HY, Ye Q, Zhong X, Xue XL, Zha ZY, Zhou D, Yang X, Wang YC, Ying B, Qin CF. A Thermostable mRNA Vaccine against COVID-19. Cell. 2020 Sep 3;182(5):1271-1283.e16. PMID:32795413

In mice and non-human primates, two doses of intramuscular vaccination with ARCoV mRNA-LNP generated significant neutralising antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 as well as a Th1-biased cellular response compared to placebo control groups.

Vaccine-elicited serum neutralizing antibody titers are immune correlates of protection against SARS-CoV-2 challenge.100 g of ARCoV is sufficient to induce high-level neutralizing antibodies and 1,000 g of ARCoV did not cause obvious adverse effects, highlighting the safety of the formulation. This mRNA-LNP formulation is stable at 4C and 25C for at least 7 days.Storage at 37C for 7 days only resulted in an 13% reduction in relative photon flux.This indicates high thermostability of the ARCoV vaccine. ✍

32795413
(Cell)

PMID	32795413 Date of Publishing: 2020 Sep 3
Title	A Thermostable mRNA Vaccine against COVID-19
Author(s) name	Zhang NN, Li XF et al.
Journal	Cell
Impact factor	27.35 Citation count: 191
Date of Entry	2022 Apr 29

NLM format
Zhang NN, Li XF, Deng YQ, Zhao H, Huang YJ, Yang G, Huang WJ, Gao P, Zhou C, Zhang RR, Guo Y, Sun SH, Fan H, Zu SL, Chen Q, He Q, Cao TS, Huang XY, Qiu HY, Nie JH, Jiang Y, Yan HY, Ye Q, Zhong X, Xue XL, Zha ZY, Zhou D, Yang X, Wang YC, Ying B, Qin CF. A Thermostable mRNA Vaccine against COVID-19. Cell. 2020 Sep 3;182(5):1271-1283.e16. PMID:32795413

Olive baboons immunized with adjuvanted NVX-CoV2373 showed high titer Anti-S antibodies with good neutralizing activity and blocked the hACE-2 receptor.

NVX-CoV2373 vaccine induced binding and functional antibodies in a nonhuman primate at levels comparable or higher than individuals recovered from COVID-19 and is a promisin vaccine candidate ✍

33446655
(Nat Commun)

PMID	33446655 Date of Publishing: 2021 Jan 14
Title	SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein vaccine candidate NVX-CoV2373 immunogenicity in baboons and protection in mice
Author(s) name	Tian JH, Patel N et al.
Journal	Nat Commun
Impact factor	11.8 Citation count: 142
Date of Entry	2021 Nov 12

NLM format

Tian JH, Patel N, Haupt R, Zhou H, Weston S, Hammond H, Logue J, Portnoff AD, Norton J, Guebre-Xabier M, Zhou B, Jacobson K, Maciejewski S, Khatoon R, Wisniewska M, Moffitt W, Kluepfel-Stahl S, Ekechukwu B, Papin J, Boddapati S, Jason Wong C, Piedra PA, Frieman MB, Massare MJ, Fries L, Bengtsson KL, Stertman L, Ellingsworth L, Glenn G, Smith G. SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein vaccine candidate NVX-CoV2373 immunogenicity in baboons and protection in mice. Nat Commun. 2021 Jan 14;12(1):372. PMID:33446655

Mice immunized with adjuvanted NVX-CoV2373 had significantly higher anti-S IgG titers with good neutralizing activity and blocked the hACE-2 receptor.

Mice immunized with adjuvanted vaccine (both single and booster dose) were significantly protected from weight loss when compared to the palcebo treated mice. ✍

33446655
(Nat Commun)

PMID	33446655 Date of Publishing: 2021 Jan 14
Title	SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein vaccine candidate NVX-CoV2373 immunogenicity in baboons and protection in mice
Author(s) name	Tian JH, Patel N et al.
Journal	Nat Commun
Impact factor	11.8 Citation count: 142
Date of Entry	2021 Nov 12

NLM format

A multi-epitope vaccine was designed based on reverse-vaccinology approach. This vaccine was able to elicit a humoral and cellular immune response against SARS-CoV-2 infection.

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33264668
(Infect Genet Evol)

PMID	33264668 Date of Publishing: 2020 Nov 29
Title	Scrutinizing the SARS-CoV-2 protein information for designing an effective vaccine encompassing both the T-cell and B-cell epitopes
Author(s) name	Jain N, Shankar U et al.
Journal	Infect Genet Evol
Impact factor	2.67 Citation count: 6
Date of Entry	2021 Nov 12

NLM format
Jain N, Shankar U, Majee P, Kumar A. Scrutinizing the SARS-CoV-2 protein information for designing an effective vaccine encompassing both the T-cell and B-cell epitopes. Infect Genet Evol. 2021 Jan;87:104648. PMID:33264668

SARS-CoV-2 RBD219-N1C1 vaccine candidate induced high titers of IgG virus-neutralizing antibodies and T-cell responses in immunized mice. The vaccine was also able to induce high levels of IFN-gamma, IL-6 and IL-12 cytokines.

The deleted and altered residues are structurally distinct from immunogenic epitopes, particularly the RBD's receptor-binding motif (RBM). There was no correlation between the amount of Alhydrogel to which the RBD was bound and the interaction with hACE-2-Fc, implying that the RBD proteins' surface density on the Alhydrogel had no effect on the presentation of ACE binding sites. ✍

33847226
(Hum Vaccin Immunother)

PMID	33847226 Date of Publishing: 2021 Apr 13
Title	SARSCoV-2 RBD219-N1C1: A yeast-expressed SARS-CoV-2 recombinant receptor-binding domain candidate vaccine stimulates virus neutralizing antibodies and T-cell immunity in mice
Author(s) name	Pollet J, Chen WH et al.
Journal	Hum Vaccin Immunother
Impact factor	4.7 Citation count: 20
Date of Entry	2021 Oct 31

NLM format

Pollet J, Chen WH, Versteeg L, Keegan B, Zhan B, Wei J, Liu Z, Lee J, Kundu R, Adhikari R, Poveda C, Villar MJ, de Araujo Leao AC, Altieri Rivera J, Momin Z, Gillespie PM, Kimata JT, Strych U, Hotez PJ, Bottazzi ME. SARSCoV-2 RBD219-N1C1: A yeast-expressed SARS-CoV-2 recombinant receptor-binding domain candidate vaccine stimulates virus neutralizing antibodies and T-cell immunity in mice. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2021 Apr 13:1-11. PMID:33847226

Immunization of mice (C57BL/6 and BALB/c strains) and Pigs with RBD-SpyVLP vaccine showed strong dose-dependent neutralising antibody response. The polyclonal antibody response could recognize key epitopes on RBD (Receptor-Binding Domain). Besides, this vaccine is found to be thermostable making it easier for transportation globally.

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33483491
(Nat Commun)

PMID	33483491 Date of Publishing: 2021 Jan 22
Title	A COVID-19 vaccine candidate using SpyCatcher multimerization of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor-binding domain induces potent neutralising antibody responses
Author(s) name	Tan TK, Rijal P et al.
Journal	Nat Commun
Impact factor	11.8 Citation count: 69
Date of Entry	2021 Oct 31

NLM format

Tan TK, Rijal P, Rahikainen R, Keeble AH, Schimanski L, Hussain S, Harvey R, Hayes JWP, Edwards JC, McLean RK, Martini V, Pedrera M, Thakur N, Conceicao C, Dietrich I, Shelton H, Ludi A, Wilsden G, Browning C, Zagrajek AK, Bialy D, Bhat S, Stevenson-Leggett P, Hollinghurst P, Tully M, Moffat K, Chiu C, Waters R, Gray A, Azhar M, Mioulet V, Newman J, Asfor AS, Burman A, Crossley S, Hammond JA, Tchilian E, Charleston B, Bailey D, Tuthill TJ, Graham SP, Duyvesteyn HME, Malinauskas T, Huo J, Tree JA, Buttigieg KR, Owens RJ, Carroll MW, Daniels RS, McCauley JW, Stuart DI, Huang KA, Howarth M, Townsend AR. A COVID-19 vaccine candidate using SpyCatcher multimerization of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor-binding domain induces potent neutralising antibody responses. Nat Commun. 2021 Jan 22;12(1):542. PMID:33483491

A prefusion-stabilized SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, S-2P was most successful in generating antibodies that neutralised pseudovirus and wild-type live virus when combined with CpG 1018 and aluminium hydroxide adjuvants, with no vaccine-related side effects.

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33208827
(Sci Rep)

PMID	33208827 Date of Publishing: 2020 Nov 18
Title	Development of CpG-adjuvanted stable prefusion SARS-CoV-2 spike antigen as a subunit vaccine against COVID-19
Author(s) name	Kuo TY, Lin MY et al.
Journal	Sci Rep
Impact factor	4.12 Citation count: 39
Date of Entry	2021 Oct 31

NLM format
Kuo TY, Lin MY, Coffman RL, Campbell JD, Traquina P, Lin YJ, Liu LT, Cheng J, Wu YC, Wu CC, Tang WH, Huang CG, Tsao KC, Chen C. Development of CpG-adjuvanted stable prefusion SARS-CoV-2 spike antigen as a subunit vaccine against COVID-19. Sci Rep. 2020 Nov 18;10(1):20085. PMID:33208827

Nonhuman primates vaccinated with mRNA-1273 developed strong antibody and cell-based immune responses. There was immediate protection in both the upper and lower airways, as well as no pathologic alterations in the lungs.

In accordance with the obtained results of mRNA vaccine on non-primates, a clinical study on a small human population is important to know its specific response. ✍

32722908
(N Engl J Med)

PMID	32722908 Date of Publishing: 2020 Oct 15
Title	Evaluation of the mRNA-1273 Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 in Nonhuman Primates
Author(s) name	Corbett KS, Flynn B et al.
Journal	N Engl J Med
Impact factor	37.91 Citation count: 460
Date of Entry	2021 Oct 31

NLM format

Corbett KS, Flynn B, Foulds KE, Francica JR, Boyoglu-Barnum S, Werner AP, Flach B, O'Connell S, Bock KW, Minai M, Nagata BM, Andersen H, Martinez DR, Noe AT, Douek N, Donaldson MM, Nji NN, Alvarado GS, Edwards DK, Flebbe DR, Lamb E, Doria-Rose NA, Lin BC, Louder MK, O'Dell S, Schmidt SD, Phung E, Chang LA, Yap C, Todd JM, Pessaint L, Van Ry A, Browne S, Greenhouse J, Putman-Taylor T, Strasbaugh A, Campbell TA, Cook A, Dodson A, Steingrebe K, Shi W, Zhang Y, Abiona OM, Wang L, Pegu A, Yang ES, Leung K, Zhou T, Teng IT, Widge A, Gordon I, Novik L, Gillespie RA, Loomis RJ, Moliva JI, Stewart-Jones G, Himansu S, Kong WP, Nason MC, Morabito KM, Ruckwardt TJ, Ledgerwood JE, Gaudinski MR, Kwong PD, Mascola JR, Carfi A, Lewis MG, Baric RS, McDermott A, Moore IN, Sullivan NJ, Roederer M, Seder RA, Graham BS. Evaluation of the mRNA-1273 Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 in Nonhuman Primates. N Engl J Med. 2020 Oct 15;383(16):1544-1555. PMID:32722908

Rhesus macaques were immunised with the BBIBP-CorV vaccine at low dose (2ug/dose) and high dose (8ug/dose). exposure to SARS-CoV-2 virus protected the immunised rhesus macaques.

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32778225
(Cell)

PMID	32778225 Date of Publishing: 2020 Aug 6
Title	Development of an Inactivated Vaccine Candidate, BBIBP-CorV, with Potent Protection against SARS-CoV-2
Author(s) name	Wang H, Zhang Y et al.
Journal	Cell
Impact factor	27.35 Citation count: 296
Date of Entry	2021 Oct 31

NLM format
Wang H, Zhang Y, Huang B, Deng W, Quan Y, Wang W, Xu W, Zhao Y, Li N, Zhang J, Liang H, Bao L, Xu Y, Ding L, Zhou W, Gao H, Liu J, Niu P, Zhao L, Zhen W, Fu H, Yu S, Zhang Z, Xu G, Li C, Lou Z, Xu M, Qin C, Wu G, Gao GF, Tan W, Yang X. Development of an Inactivated Vaccine Candidate, BBIBP-CorV, with Potent Protection against SARS-CoV-2. Cell. 2020 Aug 6;182(3):713-721.e9. PMID:32778225

Rhesus macaques were immunised with the BBIBP-CorV vaccine at low dose (2ug/dose) and high dose (8ug/dose). Both the vaccine doses elicited a good neutralising antibody titre and offered protection against intrateacheal SARS-CoV-2 challenge.

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32778225
(Cell)

PMID	32778225 Date of Publishing: 2020 Aug 6
Title	Development of an Inactivated Vaccine Candidate, BBIBP-CorV, with Potent Protection against SARS-CoV-2
Author(s) name	Wang H, Zhang Y et al.
Journal	Cell
Impact factor	27.35 Citation count: 296
Date of Entry	2021 Oct 31

NLM format
Wang H, Zhang Y, Huang B, Deng W, Quan Y, Wang W, Xu W, Zhao Y, Li N, Zhang J, Liang H, Bao L, Xu Y, Ding L, Zhou W, Gao H, Liu J, Niu P, Zhao L, Zhen W, Fu H, Yu S, Zhang Z, Xu G, Li C, Lou Z, Xu M, Qin C, Wu G, Gao GF, Tan W, Yang X. Development of an Inactivated Vaccine Candidate, BBIBP-CorV, with Potent Protection against SARS-CoV-2. Cell. 2020 Aug 6;182(3):713-721.e9. PMID:32778225

The immunogenecity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate (BBIBP-CorV) was tested at three different dosages. At all doses examined, the seroconversion rate reached 100% in mice 7 days after vaccination and 21 days in rabbits, guinea pigs, and rats. When compared to one- and two-dose vaccination regimens, a three-dose vaccination regimen showed better immunogenecity in all animal models studied.

Cynomoglus monkeys, rabbit, guinea pigs, rats and mice were immunised with 8, 4 or 2 micro grams of the inactivated BBIBP-CorV. ✍

32778225
(Cell)

PMID	32778225 Date of Publishing: 2020 Aug 6
Title	Development of an Inactivated Vaccine Candidate, BBIBP-CorV, with Potent Protection against SARS-CoV-2
Author(s) name	Wang H, Zhang Y et al.
Journal	Cell
Impact factor	27.35 Citation count: 296
Date of Entry	2021 Oct 31

NLM format
Wang H, Zhang Y, Huang B, Deng W, Quan Y, Wang W, Xu W, Zhao Y, Li N, Zhang J, Liang H, Bao L, Xu Y, Ding L, Zhou W, Gao H, Liu J, Niu P, Zhao L, Zhen W, Fu H, Yu S, Zhang Z, Xu G, Li C, Lou Z, Xu M, Qin C, Wu G, Gao GF, Tan W, Yang X. Development of an Inactivated Vaccine Candidate, BBIBP-CorV, with Potent Protection against SARS-CoV-2. Cell. 2020 Aug 6;182(3):713-721.e9. PMID:32778225

Rhesus macaques vaccinated with a DNA vaccine, developed a good celluar and humoral immune response. Neutralising anitbody titers in vaccinated animals was comparable to convalescent people. Vaccinated animals challenged with SARS-CoV-2 virus showed a significant reduction (>3.1 and >3.7 log 10 ) in the viral loads in the lungs and nasal mucosa when compared to control animals.

35 Rhesus macaques (6 to 12 years old) were immunized with DNA vaccines in the following groups: S (N = 4), S.dCT (N = 4), S.dTM(N=4),S1(N=4),RBD(N=4),S.dTM, PP (N=5), Sham controls(N=10) ✍

32434945
(Science)

PMID	32434945 Date of Publishing: 2020 Aug 14
Title	DNA vaccine protection against SARS-CoV-2 in rhesus macaques
Author(s) name	Yu J, Tostanoski LH et al.
Journal	Science
Impact factor	20.57 Citation count: 574
Date of Entry	2021 Oct 31

NLM format

Yu J, Tostanoski LH, Peter L, Mercado NB, McMahan K, Mahrokhian SH, Nkolola JP, Liu J, Li Z, Chandrashekar A, Martinez DR, Loos C, Atyeo C, Fischinger S, Burke JS, Slein MD, Chen Y, Zuiani A, Lelis FJN, Travers M, Habibi S, Pessaint L, Van Ry A, Blade K, Brown R, Cook A, Finneyfrock B, Dodson A, Teow E, Velasco J, Zahn R, Wegmann F, Bondzie EA, Dagotto G, Gebre MS, He X, Jacob-Dolan C, Kirilova M, Kordana N, Lin Z, Maxfield LF, Nampanya F, Nityanandam R, Ventura JD, Wan H, Cai Y, Chen B, Schmidt AG, Wesemann DR, Baric RS, Alter G, Andersen H, Lewis MG, Barouch DH. DNA vaccine protection against SARS-CoV-2 in rhesus macaques. Science. 2020 Aug 14;369(6505):806-811. PMID:32434945

a single dose of the INO-4800 DNA vaccine was able to induce antigen specific T cell responses and neutralising antibodies in mice and guinea pigs.

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32433465
(Nat Commun)

PMID	32433465 Date of Publishing: 2020 May 20
Title	Immunogenicity of a DNA vaccine candidate for COVID-19
Author(s) name	Smith TRF, Patel A et al.
Journal	Nat Commun
Impact factor	11.8 Citation count: 273
Date of Entry	2021 Oct 31

NLM format

Smith TRF, Patel A, Ramos S, Elwood D, Zhu X, Yan J, Gary EN, Walker SN, Schultheis K, Purwar M, Xu Z, Walters J, Bhojnagarwala P, Yang M, Chokkalingam N, Pezzoli P, Parzych E, Reuschel EL, Doan A, Tursi N, Vasquez M, Choi J, Tello-Ruiz E, Maricic I, Bah MA, Wu Y, Amante D, Park DH, Dia Y, Ali AR, Zaidi FI, Generotti A, Kim KY, Herring TA, Reeder S, Andrade VM, Buttigieg K, Zhao G, Wu JM, Li D, Bao L, Liu J, Deng W, Qin C, Brown AS, Khoshnejad M, Wang N, Chu J, Wrapp D, McLellan JS, Muthumani K, Wang B, Carroll MW, Kim JJ, Boyer J, Kulp DW, Humeau LMPF, Weiner DB, Broderick KE. Immunogenicity of a DNA vaccine candidate for COVID-19. Nat Commun. 2020 May 20;11(1):2601. PMID:32433465