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In vitro studies

Last updated: 2021 Aug 23

Total hit(s): 15

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Cathepsin L (CTSL) and Cathepsin B (CTSB) levels are increased in Huh7 cells with increasing doses of SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus infection.

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33774649
(Signal Transduct Target Ther)

PMID	33774649 Date of Publishing: 2021 Mar 27
Title	Cathepsin L plays a key role in SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans and humanized mice and is a promising target for new drug development
Author(s) name	Zhao MM, Yang WL et al.
Journal	Signal Transduct Target Ther
Impact factor	- n/a - Citation count: 73
Date of Entry	2021 Aug 23

NLM format
Zhao MM, Yang WL, Yang FY, Zhang L, Huang WJ, Hou W, Fan CF, Jin RH, Feng YM, Wang YC, Yang JK. Cathepsin L plays a key role in SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans and humanized mice and is a promising target for new drug development. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2021 Mar 27;6(1):134. PMID:33774649

The in vitro mutation analysis showed that the D614G mutation changes the spike protein sorting, enhances the trafficking of spike protein to the lysosome.

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33330866
(bioRxiv)

PMID	33330866 Date of Publishing: 2020 Dec 9
Title	The D614G Mutation Enhances the Lysosomal Trafficking of SARS-CoV-2 Spike
Author(s) name	Guo C, Tsai SJ et al.
Journal	bioRxiv
Impact factor	- n/a - Citation count: 3

NLM format
Guo C, Tsai SJ, Ai Y, Li M, Pekosz A, Cox A, Atai N, Gould SJ. The D614G Mutation Enhances the Lysosomal Trafficking of SARS-CoV-2 Spike. bioRxiv. 2020 Dec 9:2020.12.08.417022. PMID:33330866

To understand the mechanism of lysosomal trafficking of the spike protein, the Htet1/SD614G cells were incubated with doxycycline.

DMSO causes denaturation of proteins ✍

33330866
(bioRxiv)

PMID	33330866 Date of Publishing: 2020 Dec 9
Title	The D614G Mutation Enhances the Lysosomal Trafficking of SARS-CoV-2 Spike
Author(s) name	Guo C, Tsai SJ et al.
Journal	bioRxiv
Impact factor	- n/a - Citation count: 3

NLM format
Guo C, Tsai SJ, Ai Y, Li M, Pekosz A, Cox A, Atai N, Gould SJ. The D614G Mutation Enhances the Lysosomal Trafficking of SARS-CoV-2 Spike. bioRxiv. 2020 Dec 9:2020.12.08.417022. PMID:33330866

To understand the molecular mechanism of lysosomal trafficking of the spike protein, the Htet1/SD614G cells were incubated with doxycycline and dynasore.

Dynasore blocks the clathrin-dependent endocytosis pathway by inhibting dynamin-1 ✍

33330866
(bioRxiv)

PMID	33330866 Date of Publishing: 2020 Dec 9
Title	The D614G Mutation Enhances the Lysosomal Trafficking of SARS-CoV-2 Spike
Author(s) name	Guo C, Tsai SJ et al.
Journal	bioRxiv
Impact factor	- n/a - Citation count: 3

NLM format
Guo C, Tsai SJ, Ai Y, Li M, Pekosz A, Cox A, Atai N, Gould SJ. The D614G Mutation Enhances the Lysosomal Trafficking of SARS-CoV-2 Spike. bioRxiv. 2020 Dec 9:2020.12.08.417022. PMID:33330866

To understand the molecular mechanism of lysosomal trafficking of the spike protein, the Htet1/SD614G cells were incubated with doxycycline and pitstop2.

Pitstop2 blocks both clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent endocytosis pathway ✍

33330866
(bioRxiv)

PMID	33330866 Date of Publishing: 2020 Dec 9
Title	The D614G Mutation Enhances the Lysosomal Trafficking of SARS-CoV-2 Spike
Author(s) name	Guo C, Tsai SJ et al.
Journal	bioRxiv
Impact factor	- n/a - Citation count: 3

NLM format
Guo C, Tsai SJ, Ai Y, Li M, Pekosz A, Cox A, Atai N, Gould SJ. The D614G Mutation Enhances the Lysosomal Trafficking of SARS-CoV-2 Spike. bioRxiv. 2020 Dec 9:2020.12.08.417022. PMID:33330866

To understand the molecular mechanism of lysosomal trafficking of the spike protein, the Htet1/SD614G cells were incubated with nocodazole.

Nocodazole is a microtubule-inhibitor, and also disrupts motor-directed lysosome movements ✍

33330866
(bioRxiv)

PMID	33330866 Date of Publishing: 2020 Dec 9
Title	The D614G Mutation Enhances the Lysosomal Trafficking of SARS-CoV-2 Spike
Author(s) name	Guo C, Tsai SJ et al.
Journal	bioRxiv
Impact factor	- n/a - Citation count: 3

NLM format
Guo C, Tsai SJ, Ai Y, Li M, Pekosz A, Cox A, Atai N, Gould SJ. The D614G Mutation Enhances the Lysosomal Trafficking of SARS-CoV-2 Spike. bioRxiv. 2020 Dec 9:2020.12.08.417022. PMID:33330866

To understand the molecular mechanism of lysosomal trafficking of the spike protein, the Htet1/SD614G cells were incubated with bafilomycin A1.

Bafilomycin A1 is a V-ATPase inhibitor ✍

33330866
(bioRxiv)

PMID	33330866 Date of Publishing: 2020 Dec 9
Title	The D614G Mutation Enhances the Lysosomal Trafficking of SARS-CoV-2 Spike
Author(s) name	Guo C, Tsai SJ et al.
Journal	bioRxiv
Impact factor	- n/a - Citation count: 3

NLM format
Guo C, Tsai SJ, Ai Y, Li M, Pekosz A, Cox A, Atai N, Gould SJ. The D614G Mutation Enhances the Lysosomal Trafficking of SARS-CoV-2 Spike. bioRxiv. 2020 Dec 9:2020.12.08.417022. PMID:33330866

The Growth properties of Del-mut-1 variant and WT viruses in Vero-E6, A549, Caco-2, and Calu-3 cells showed stability and increased population along the passages only in the Vero-E6 cells

S1/S2 motif is only required for non-permissive replication ✍

32301390
(Emerg Microbes Infect)

PMID	32301390 Date of Publishing: 2020 Dec
Title	Attenuated SARS-CoV-2 variants with deletions at the S1/S2 junction
Author(s) name	Lau SY, Wang P et al.
Journal	Emerg Microbes Infect
Impact factor	5.84 Citation count: 142

NLM format
Lau SY, Wang P, Mok BW, Zhang AJ, Chu H, Lee AC, Deng S, Chen P, Chan KH, Song W, Chen Z, To KK, Chan JF, Yuen KY, Chen H. Attenuated SARS-CoV-2 variants with deletions at the S1/S2 junction. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2020 Dec;9(1):837-842. PMID:32301390

The in vitro mutation analysis of the D614G mutation showed no effect on viral replication and viral infectivity in Vero E6 cells.

The two viruses (G614 virus and the D614 virus) had similar plaque morphologies ✍

33106671
(Nature)

PMID	33106671 Date of Publishing: 2020 Oct 26
Title	Spike mutation D614G alters SARS-CoV-2 fitness
Author(s) name	Plante JA, Liu Y et al.
Journal	Nature
Impact factor	24.36 Citation count: 651

NLM format
Plante JA, Liu Y, Liu J, Xia H, Johnson BA, Lokugamage KG, Zhang X, Muruato AE, Zou J, Fontes-Garfias CR, Mirchandani D, Scharton D, Bilello JP, Ku Z, An Z, Kalveram B, Freiberg AN, Menachery VD, Xie X, Plante KS, Weaver SC, Shi PY. Spike mutation D614G alters SARS-CoV-2 fitness. Nature. 2021 Apr;592(7852):116-121. PMID:33106671

Compared with the wild D614 virus, the mutant G614 virus showed increased viral replication and viral infectivity in the cell line Calu-3.

Infectious viral titres and genomic RNA levels in cell culture were determined by plaque assay, and RTqPCR, respectively ✍

33106671
(Nature)

PMID	33106671 Date of Publishing: 2020 Oct 26
Title	Spike mutation D614G alters SARS-CoV-2 fitness
Author(s) name	Plante JA, Liu Y et al.
Journal	Nature
Impact factor	24.36 Citation count: 651

NLM format
Plante JA, Liu Y, Liu J, Xia H, Johnson BA, Lokugamage KG, Zhang X, Muruato AE, Zou J, Fontes-Garfias CR, Mirchandani D, Scharton D, Bilello JP, Ku Z, An Z, Kalveram B, Freiberg AN, Menachery VD, Xie X, Plante KS, Weaver SC, Shi PY. Spike mutation D614G alters SARS-CoV-2 fitness. Nature. 2021 Apr;592(7852):116-121. PMID:33106671

Compared with the wild D614 virus, the mutant G614 virus showed increased viral replication and viral infectivity in the primary human airway tissue culture model.

The primary human airway tissue culture model contains human tracheal and bronchial epithelial cells cultured as monolayers resembling the epithelial tissue of the respiratory tract. ✍

33106671
(Nature)

PMID	33106671 Date of Publishing: 2020 Oct 26
Title	Spike mutation D614G alters SARS-CoV-2 fitness
Author(s) name	Plante JA, Liu Y et al.
Journal	Nature
Impact factor	24.36 Citation count: 651

NLM format
Plante JA, Liu Y, Liu J, Xia H, Johnson BA, Lokugamage KG, Zhang X, Muruato AE, Zou J, Fontes-Garfias CR, Mirchandani D, Scharton D, Bilello JP, Ku Z, An Z, Kalveram B, Freiberg AN, Menachery VD, Xie X, Plante KS, Weaver SC, Shi PY. Spike mutation D614G alters SARS-CoV-2 fitness. Nature. 2021 Apr;592(7852):116-121. PMID:33106671

The SARS-CoV-2 GZ69 isolate from Brescia (Italy), showed no cytopathic effect on Vero E6 cells despite having a high viral load in the cell culture. The SARS-CoV-2 AP66 isolate induced the cytopathic effect.

AP66 samples was collected from an early epidemic (March 9). And GZ69 sample was collected from late epidemic (May 8) from an asymptomatic patient. ✍

32967693
(J Transl Med)

PMID	32967693 Date of Publishing: 2020 Sep 23
Title	A persistently replicating SARS-CoV-2 variant derived from an asymptomatic individual
Author(s) name	Caccuri F, Zani A et al.
Journal	J Transl Med
Impact factor	4.2 Citation count: 16

NLM format
Caccuri F, Zani A, Messali S, Giovanetti M, Bugatti A, Campisi G, Filippini F, Scaltriti E, Ciccozzi M, Fiorentini S, Caruso A. A persistently replicating SARS-CoV-2 variant derived from an asymptomatic individual. J Transl Med. 2020 Sep 23;18(1):362. PMID:32967693

The SARS-CoV-2 isolates showed cytopathic effects on Vero E6 at 72 h post-inoculation and reached 90% of the cells at 5th days post-infection (dpi).

Both isolates showed similar time course and infectious progeny yields. ✍

33015402
(Heliyon)

PMID	33015402 Date of Publishing: 2020 Sep
Title	Characterization of local SARS-CoV-2 isolates and pathogenicity in IFNAR-/-mice
Author(s) name	Hanifehnezhad A, Kehribar EŞ et al.
Journal	Heliyon
Impact factor	1.65 Citation count: 7

NLM format
Hanifehnezhad A, Kehribar EŞ, Öztop S, Sheraz A, Kasırga S, Ergünay K, Önder S, Yılmaz E, Engin D, Oğuzoğlu TÇ, Şeker UÖŞ, Yılmaz E, Özkul A. Characterization of local SARS-CoV-2 isolates and pathogenicity in IFNAR-/-mice. Heliyon. 2020 Sep;6(9):e05116. PMID:33015402

The in vitro analysis of the deletion variants revealed that Var1 \(deletion of QTQTN in spike protein) reduced the viral replication during late-phase, and Var2 \(deletion of NSPRRAR in spike protein) didnt affect viral replication in Vero and Vero-E6 cells.

Var1 (QTQTN deletion)is commonly detected after two rounds of cell passage ✍

32571797
(J Virol)

PMID	32571797 Date of Publishing: 2020 Aug 17
Title	Identification of Common Deletions in the Spike Protein of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2
Author(s) name	Liu Z, Zheng H et al.
Journal	J Virol
Impact factor	4.16 Citation count: 76

NLM format
Liu Z, Zheng H, Lin H, Li M, Yuan R, Peng J, Xiong Q, Sun J, Li B, Wu J, Yi L, Peng X, Zhang H, Zhang W, Hulswit RJG, Loman N, Rambaut A, Ke C, Bowden TA, Pybus OG, Lu J. Identification of Common Deletions in the Spike Protein of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2. J Virol. 2020 Aug 17;94(17):e00790-20. PMID:32571797

The SARS-CoV-2 isolates showed Cytopathogenic in Vero E6 and Huh7 cells at three days post-infection.

The infected cells showed a typical coronavirus morphology ✍

32015507
(Nature)

PMID	32015507 Date of Publishing: 2020 Mar
Title	A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin
Author(s) name	Zhou P, Yang XL et al.
Journal	Nature
Impact factor	24.36 Citation count: 8438

NLM format
Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W, Si HR, Zhu Y, Li B, Huang CL, Chen HD, Chen J, Luo Y, Guo H, Jiang RD, Liu MQ, Chen Y, Shen XR, Wang X, Zheng XS, Zhao K, Chen QJ, Deng F, Liu LL, Yan B, Zhan FX, Wang YY, Xiao GF, Shi ZL. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. 2020 Mar;579(7798):270-273. PMID:32015507

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