Immune response

Last updated: 2022 Feb 19
Total hit(s): 45
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No neutralizing serum response to the Omicron variant in previously unvaccinated COVID-19 convalescent individuals was observed. A single dose of BNT162b2 showed a strong neutralization with a GeoMean ID50 of 1,549 1 month after vaccination (Hybrid time point 62-71 weeks from disease onset-immunity acquired from a combination of infection and vaccination). Omicron variant exerts substantial humoral immune escape in BNT162b2-vaccinated and convalescent individuals. But, high levels of neutralizing activ ity against the Omicron variant can be induced by a BNT162b2 booster immunization.
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 		35046572
(Nat Med)
PMID
35046572
Date of Publishing: 2022 Jan 19
Title mRNA booster immunization elicits potent neutralizing serum activity against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant
Author(s) nameGruell H, Vanshylla K et al.
Journal Nat Med
Impact factor
22.66
Citation count: 59
Date of Entry 2022 Feb 19

Serum neutralizing activity against Omicron variant after two BNT162b2 vaccine doses was low (GeoMean ID50s of 8 and 9 at 1 month and 5 month points), but increased 100-fold after the booster dose (at 8.5 - 9.5 months) with GeoMean ID50 of 1,195. A single BNT162b2 booster immunization effectively induces a substantial increase in serum neutralization against the Omicron variant and results in neutralizing titers similar to those observed against Wu01 after two doses of BNT162b2.
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 		35046572
(Nat Med)
PMID
35046572
Date of Publishing: 2022 Jan 19
Title mRNA booster immunization elicits potent neutralizing serum activity against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant
Author(s) nameGruell H, Vanshylla K et al.
Journal Nat Med
Impact factor
22.66
Citation count: 59
Date of Entry 2022 Feb 19

Vaccine-induced serum neutralizing activity showed Omicron variant had a geometric mean 50% inhibitory serum dilution (GeoMeanID50) of 8, which is lower than Wu01 strain (546) Alpha (331), Delta(172), Beta(40). Lower neutralising titers are linked to a higher probability of symptomatic COVID-19 infection. Limited neutralising activity against Omicron could lead to a higher risk of infection and disease load.
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 		35046572
(Nat Med)
PMID
35046572
Date of Publishing: 2022 Jan 19
Title mRNA booster immunization elicits potent neutralizing serum activity against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant
Author(s) nameGruell H, Vanshylla K et al.
Journal Nat Med
Impact factor
22.66
Citation count: 59
Date of Entry 2022 Feb 19

The study finds that convalescent donors had varied CD4+ T cell population compared to healthy individuals and patients with mild and moderate disease. In convalescent patients, a higher frequency of cTfh-em cells was linked to a lower blood oxygen level.
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 		32841212
(J Clin Invest)
PMID
32841212
Date of Publishing: 2020 Dec 1
Title Peripheral CD4+T cell subsets and antibody response in COVID-19 convalescent individuals
Author(s) nameGong F, Dai Y et al.
Journal J Clin Invest
Impact factor
10.51
Citation count: 40
Date of Entry 2021 Dec 15

The frequency and intensity of T-cell responses were markedly different between moderate and severe pneumonia patients. Furthermore, recent infection with COVID-19 had little effect on the viral memory T-cell pool's resistance to common viruses (Cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr-virus and Flu-virus). The occurrence of robust adaptive immunity even in individuals who had severe pneumonia supports the case for developing SARS-CoV-2 protective therapies.
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 		32853599
(J Infect)
PMID
32853599
Date of Publishing: 2020 Aug 25
Title COVID-19 patients display distinct SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cell responses according to disease severity
Author(s) nameKroemer M, Spehner L et al.
Journal J Infect
Impact factor
5.1
Citation count: 19
Date of Entry 2021 Dec 15

CD4+ T cell responses are induced against spike, membrane and nucleocapsid proteins. Individuals who died had a higher chance of not mounting a cellular response to the proteins. The membrane specific T cells were significantly less in ICU patients. In patients with active disease, PD-1 expression was higher in CoV-2-specific T cells than in convalescent patients with moderate disease.
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 		32833687
(J Clin Invest)
PMID
32833687
Date of Publishing: 2020 Dec 1
Title SARSCoV-2specific T cell responses and correlations with COVID-19 patient predisposition
Author(s) nameSattler A, Angermair S et al.
Journal J Clin Invest
Impact factor
10.51
Citation count: 84
Date of Entry 2021 Oct 31

Study of immune responses in moderate and severe COVID-19 patients showed a reduction in T cell number. Worst disease outcomes were associated with early increase in cytokine levels. Patients with moderate disease showed a decrease in antiviral and antifungal responses whereas, these responses were elevated in patients with severe disease throughout the course of the disease.
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 		32717743
(Nature)
PMID
32717743
Date of Publishing: 2020 Aug
Title Longitudinal analyses reveal immunological misfiring in severe COVID-19
Author(s) nameLucas C, Wong P et al.
Journal Nature
Impact factor
24.36
Citation count: 742
Date of Entry 2021 Oct 31

The kinetics of Interferon (IFN)-I in COVID-19 patients was assessed. IFN-I response was impaired in 1 out of 5 critically ill patients. Patients had a peak in IFN-alpha2 at day 8 to 10 of symptom onset, which corresponded to the viral replication phase, and then it dropped to a low level over time. IFN-2 therapy, especially in patients with COVID-19 who have a deficient IFN response, could be beneficial. To manage the virus and avoid immunopathogenesis, the timing of IFN exposure could be crucial.
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 		32360285
(J Allergy Clin Immunol)
PMID
32360285
Date of Publishing: 2020 Jul
Title Type I IFN immunoprofiling in COVID-19 patients
Author(s) nameTrouillet-Assant S, Viel S et al.
Journal J Allergy Clin Immunol
Impact factor
8.2
Citation count: 133
Date of Entry 2021 Oct 31

T cell response was reduced in a group of convalescent health care workers, with early depletion of antibodies occurring in 27% of patients 1.8 months after infection. T-cell responses were lost in 36% of the cases after 5.1 months, and antibody responses were declining in 77% of the cases (41 percent seroreverted).
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 		33961690
(J Infect Dis)
PMID
33961690
Date of Publishing: 2021 May 7
Title Progressive and Parallel Decline of Humoral and T-Cell Immunity in Convalescent Healthcare Workers with Asymptomatic or Mild-to-Moderate Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection
Author(s) nameCasado JL, Vizcarra P et al.
Journal J Infect Dis
Impact factor
4.73
Citation count: 7
Date of Entry 2021 Sep 4

Using high dimensional cytometry, 125 COVID-19 patients were analysed. Analysis showed that a subgroup of patients had activation of T cell and B cell subsets and other subgroup had activation of lymphocytes. 3 immunotypes associated with poor clinical outcomes were identified which may have significance for design of therapeutics and vaccines for COVID-19.
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 		32669297
(Science)
PMID
32669297
Date of Publishing: 2020 Sep 4
Title Deep immune profiling of COVID-19 patients reveals distinct immunotypes with therapeutic implications
Author(s) nameMathew D, Giles JR et al.
Journal Science
Impact factor
20.57
Citation count: 606
Date of Entry 2021 Sep 4

Deep immunophenotyping of Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) showed a decrease in the number of circulating T, B and NK cells. There was decrease in the cytokine production by CD4+ T, CD8+T and NK cells. In patients with severe COVID-19 infection (ICU patients), in addition to decreased cytotoxic potential, the Interleukin (IL)-6 levels were elevated. Targeting IL-6 may help in restoring antiviral activity. 5 ICU patients with elevated IL-6 levels were treated with toclizumab. Toclizumab treatment led to a reduction of CRP levels indicating neutralisation of IL-6 activity. It also led to increase in the expression of granzyme A and perforin on NK cells.
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 		32463803
(J Clin Invest)
PMID
32463803
Date of Publishing: 2020 Sep 1
Title Impaired immune cell cytotoxicity in severe COVID-19 is IL-6 dependent
Author(s) nameMazzoni A, Salvati L et al.
Journal J Clin Invest
Impact factor
10.51
Citation count: 222
Date of Entry 2021 Sep 4

The Natural killer (NK) cell responses in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients was assessed. No significant change in NK cell percentages was observed between the healthy controls and COVID-19 patients. However, there was a significant change in the NK cell activation phenotype in COVID-19 patients.
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 		32826343
(Sci Immunol)
PMID
32826343
Date of Publishing: 2020 Aug 21
Title Natural killer cell immunotypes related to COVID-19 disease severity
Author(s) nameMaucourant C, Filipovic I et al.
Journal Sci Immunol
Impact factor
8.16
Citation count: 141
Date of Entry 2021 Sep 4

T cell responses towards spike, nucleocapsid and membrane proteins were compared in severe, moderate and critical COVID-19 patients. Membrane protein induced the highest number of CD4+ T cell responses. Critical COVID-19 patients had a strong T cell response that is comparable to, if not better than, non-critical patients. Critical patients had a strong SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell response, which could play a role in immunopathogenesis, but disproves the idea that a weakened T cell response is the cause of life-threatening COVID-19.
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 		32904468
(Cell Rep Med)
PMID
32904468
Date of Publishing: 2020 Sep 22
Title Robust T Cell Response Toward Spike, Membrane, and Nucleocapsid SARS-CoV-2 Proteins Is Not Associated with Recovery in Critical COVID-19 Patients
Author(s) nameThieme CJ, Anft M et al.
Journal Cell Rep Med
Impact factor
- n/a -
Citation count: 54
Date of Entry 2021 Sep 29

SARS-CoV-2 infection induced a good cytotoxic response of CD8+ but not CD4+ T cells in mild COVID-19 patients. This was accompanied by the effector CD8+ cells producing granzyme A, B, and perforin at the same time. The PD-1-expressing CD8+ T cells released cytotoxic chemicals. The cytotoxic potential of CD8+ T cells was lowered in patients over the age of 80. The absence of cytotoxic The absence of a cytotoxic response in elderly patients could explain why COVID-19 symptoms are more severe in this age group than in younger patients.
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 		32948688
(mBio)
PMID
32948688
Date of Publishing: 2020 Sep 18
Title Impaired cytotoxic CD8+ T cell response in elderly patients
Author(s) nameWestmeier J, Paniskaki K et al.
Journal mBio
Impact factor
6.5
Citation count: 42
Date of Entry 2021 Sep 29

After SARS-CoV-2 infection, Spike protein-specific antibodies, memory B cells, and cTFH (circulating follicualr helper T cells) were activated. The robust humoral immunity was linked with plasma neutralising activity. B cells or cTFH specific for S-specific receptor binding domain were activated in low numbers. Because circulating S-specific cTFH elicited by infection correlated with both S-specific B cell and antibody responses, the limited CD4 T cell epitopes localised to the RBD may be a restriction for RBD-based vaccine approaches.
✍
 		32661393
(Nat Med)
PMID
32661393
Date of Publishing: 2020 Sep
Title Humoral and circulating follicular helper T cell responses in recovered patients with COVID-19
Author(s) nameJuno JA, Tan HX et al.
Journal Nat Med
Impact factor
22.66
Citation count: 172
Date of Entry 2021 Sep 29

In the majority of SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals, antibody responses to both S protein and receptor binding domain (RBD) are developed. In addition, cross-reactive antigen binding with SARS-CoV has been found in plasma samples from patients and SARS-CoV-2 infected mice. The RBD and non-RBD areas are both targeted by these cross-reactive antibody reactions. Although binding cross-reactivity between plasma from SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-infected patients is widespread, cross-neutralization activity may be uncommon.
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 		32426212
(Cell Rep)
PMID
32426212
Date of Publishing: 2020 Jun 2
Title Cross-reactive Antibody Response between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV Infections
Author(s) nameLv H, Wu NC et al.
Journal Cell Rep
Impact factor
7.7
Citation count: 194
Date of Entry 2021 Sep 29

The SARS-CoV-2 immune memory kinetics was assessed more than 6 months after infection. Spike protein-specific memory B cells were higher in number at 6 months than one month after infection. The CD4+ and CD8+ T cells decreased with a half-life of 3-5 months. "1.) Circulating antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 over time: Figure 1 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7919858/figure/F1/), 2.) Kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 memory B cell responses: Figure 2(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7919858/figure/F2/), 3.) SARS-CoV-2 circulating memory CD8+ T cells: Figure 3 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7919858/figure/F3/), 4.) SARS-CoV-2 circulating memory CD4+ T cells: Figure 4 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7919858/figure/F4/)"
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 		33408181
(Science)
PMID
33408181
Date of Publishing: 2021 Jan 6
Title Immunological memory to SARS-CoV-2 assessed for up to 8 months after infection
Author(s) nameDan JM, Mateus J et al.
Journal Science
Impact factor
20.57
Citation count: 899
Date of Entry 2021 Jul 24

COVID-19 patients had a significant decrease in T-lymphocyte subsets and an increase in inflammatory cytokines. There was a positive correlation between the severity of illness and in-hospital death to the decrease in T-lymphocytes. The decreased level of T lymphocyte subsets may be a possible bio marker for the early diagnosis of COVID-19 as this is usually associated with illness like SARS but not other viral infections.
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 		32315725
(J Infect)
PMID
32315725
Date of Publishing: 2020 Jul
Title Suppressed T cell-mediated immunity in patients with COVID-19: A clinical retrospective study in Wuhan, China
Author(s) nameXu B, Fan CY et al.
Journal J Infect
Impact factor
5.1
Citation count: 154
Date of Entry 2021 Jul 24

SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells were detected in 70% and 100% of COVID-19 convalescent cases, respectively. In addition to the M, spike and N protein, CD4+ T cell responses were also seen against ORF3a, ORF8, nsp3, and nsp4 proteins. SARS-CoV-2 RBD-specific IgG and IgA levels correlated with CD4+ T cell responses to spike protein. SARS-CoV-2-reactive CD4+ T cells were also detected in 40%-60% of unexposed individuals suggesting cross-reactive T cell recognition. "1.) Participant Characteristics: Table 1 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7237901/table/tbl1/?report=objectonly) 2.) SARS-CoV-2 IgM, IgA, and IgG Responses of Recovered COVID-19 Patients: Figure 1 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7237901/figure/fig1/). 3.) SARS-CoV-2-Specific CD4+ T Cell Responses of Recovered COVID-19 Patients: Figure 2 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7237901/figure/fig2/) 4.) SARS-CoV-2-Specific CD8+ T Cell Responses by Recovered COVID-19 Patients: Figure 3 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7237901/figure/fig3/) 5.) Correlations between SARS-CoV-2-Specific CD4+ T Cells, Antibodies, and CD8+ T Cells: Figure 4 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7237901/figure/fig4/)"
✍
 		32473127
(Cell)
PMID
32473127
Date of Publishing: 2020 Jun 25
Title Targets of T Cell Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus in Humans with COVID-19 Disease and Unexposed Individuals
Author(s) nameGrifoni A, Weiskopf D et al.
Journal Cell
Impact factor
27.35
Citation count: 1548
Date of Entry 2021 Jul 24

In patients who had recovered from mild COVID-19 infection, the serum anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike antibodies declined quickly within the first 4 months and then more slowly in the following 7 months. In addition, a long-lived S-specific Bone marrow plasma cells (BMPC) response was detected in COVID-19 convalescent individuals. Bone marrow aspirates were collected from 18 of the participants 7-8 months after infection.
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 		34030176
(Nature)
PMID
34030176
Date of Publishing: 2021 May 24
Title SARS-CoV-2 infection induces long-lived bone marrow plasma cells in humans
Author(s) nameTurner JS, Kim W et al.
Journal Nature
Impact factor
24.36
Citation count: 145

The T cell distribution in non-seroconverters (NSC) showed high levels of CD4+ naive T cells and low levels of T transitional memory and CD8+ T effector cells. No significant difference was observed in the levels of N and SP specific CD+ T cells between the non-seroconverters and seroconverters. On antigen stimulation, the CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from non-seroconverters showed decreased PD-1 levels when compared to seroconverters.
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 		Pre-print (bioRXiv)
Date of Publishing 2021 May 04
Title Highly functional Cellular Immunity in SARS-CoV-2 Non-Seroconvertors is associated with immune protection
Impact factor
N/A

T cells play an important role in viral clearance when compared to antibodies in patients with mild COVID-19 (88.8%). Anti-inflammatory responses such as cytokine inhibition rate and tissue repair rate are correlated to T cell number and these are suppressed in non-survivors.
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 		Pre-print (medRXiv)
Date of Publishing 2021 Apr 29
Title Impairment of T cells antiviral and anti-inflammation immunities dominates the death from COVID-19
Impact factor
N/A

Statistical comparisons of the 3 clinical case subjects reveal an increase of SERPING1, the transcript encoding C1 esterase inhibitor (C1–INH). C1-INH plays a central role in the activation of the complement system and is potentially linked to complement hyperactivation in COVID-19.
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 		33437888
(Heliyon)
PMID
33437888
Date of Publishing: 2021 Jan
Title Clinically distinct COVID-19 cases share notably similar immune response progression: A follow-up analysis
Author(s) nameHausburg MA, Banton KL et al.
Journal Heliyon
Impact factor
1.65
Citation count: 2

During the early stages of COVID-19, total T lymphocyte count and CD4+ T cells decrease in count.
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 		33310028
(Int J Infect Dis)
PMID
33310028
Date of Publishing: 2020 Dec 10
Title Dynamic Anti-Spike Protein Antibody Profiles in COVID-19 Patients
Author(s) nameBao Y, Ling Y et al.
Journal Int J Infect Dis
Impact factor
3.42
Citation count: 15

The increased somatic hypermutation (SHM) in virus-specific memory B cells early after recovery is a unique feature observed in sustainers (convalescent patients showing stable or enhanced antibody production several months after infection).
✍
 		33171099
(Cell)
PMID
33171099
Date of Publishing: 2020 Dec 10
Title Quick COVID-19 Healers Sustain Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Production
Author(s) nameChen Y, Zuiani A et al.
Journal Cell
Impact factor
27.35
Citation count: 106